Embedded public-domain SQL database engine. Source files are concatenated into a single amalgamation compiled into the sqlite3 Ruby gem, so no external server, Docker dependency, or network latency is required. WAL mode (Rails 7.1 default) allows many concurrent readers alongside one writer. Extensions via the sqlpkg gem and related repos add features like IP functions, math, regex, full-text search and even OpenAI integrations. Because it runs inside the Ruby process, SQL can call Ruby code directly — custom scalar and aggregate functions can be defined in Ruby and used from SQL. Known trade-offs: ILIKE not supported (only ASCII-insensitive LIKE; full Unicode case folding needs the sqlean text extension or COLLATE NOCASE); opaque foreign-key errors; single-writer concurrency; single-node by default; NULL ordering differs from Postgres. Backups trivially handled with Litestream or the built-in 'sqlite3 backup' CLI. Embeddable and fast enough that a modest server handles hundreds of daily users with room to spare.