SQLite supports specifying a collation function per column that determines how values are compared. Setting COLLATE NOCASE on columns like emails or discount codes makes equality, uniqueness and comparisons case-insensitive without application changes. For combined or transformed values, SQLite virtual stored columns can pre-compute lowercased concatenations (e.g. first_name + last_name) and be indexed for fast case-insensitive lookup. Used alongside the sqlean text extension for Unicode support.