Audience question: is The Curse of Service Object's approach an extension of the patterns in Ivan's Painless Rails book — e.g. the 'shapes' concept? Ivan: yes, it's the evolution of the book's ideas; he needs to rewrite the book. The 'shapes' name wasn't great — shapes are essentially form objects, and forms are a very interesting concept he couldn't fit into this talk; he'll probably do a separate talk about them.